By James Watkins and Paul Doherty* A real "put-down" for a club is to get shut out in both games of a doubleheader. This happened to the Red Sox on Labor Day of 1974 when the Orioles almost put the Beantowners out of business for the season. Actually, they were close games, with Ross Grimsley beating Luis Tiant 1-0 in the first game, and Mike Cuellar taking Bill Lee by the same score in the nightcap. This was the first double 1-0 shutout of a club in American League history. Ironically, it has been accomplished 10 times in the National League since 1900. Riding the crest of the Labor Day sweep of Boston, the Orioles dealt Cleveland a double shutout on September 6. Dave McNally won the first game 2-0, and Mike Cuellar again won by 1-0. It was a great day for these two seasoned southpaws, who lend considerable class to the list of doubleheader whitewash winners. There have been many such "double whammies" -- 82 in the American and 94 in the National. This averages out to more than one in each league each season. Of course, they seem to occur in clusters -- nine in 1906, and only seven in the 10-year period 1921-30. Of course, with all the runs that were being scored in the latter period, it is no wonder. Reviewing the list of double shutout winners, you unconsciously look for the names of great team pitching duos, such as Mathewson and McGinnity of the Giants, Grove and Earnshaw of the Athletics, Ruffing and Gomez of the Yankees, Lemon and Wynn of the Indians, and Koufax and Drysdale of the Dodgers. Ironically, none of these popular duos ever worked twinbill shutouts in tandem. Of course, doubleheader shutouts are unpredictable events. Carl Hubbell of the Giants participated in four such winning efforts, but each time with a different partner -- with Bill Walker, with Hal Schumacher, and with Roy Parmelee. The latter occasion, on July 2, 1933, was one of the spectacular twinbills. Hubbell, opposing the Cardinals, dueled Tex Carleton for 16 innings and Jesse Haines for 2 before winning a 1-0 thriller in 18 innings. In the second game, teammate Parmelee beat Dizzy Dean 1-0 in the regulation 9. Roy fanned 13, a very high figure for those days. No more spectacular double shutouts were recorded, however, than the Cub triumphs over the Dodgers on September 26, 1908. On that day, Ed Reulbach pitched both complete game victories by scores of 5-0 and 3-0, the only time this feat was ever recorded. Reulbach also played a role in two other twin blankings, so he figures pretty prominently on the accompanying list. In the American League, Herb Pennock participated in four twin shutouts, but in one of these games for the Athletics, he was relieved by Eddie Plank. In fact, multiple pitchers were used in a number of these shutouts, and they weren't all in recent years when it has become more common for relievers to be used in shutout games. Has there ever been a shutout combination that repeated? There have been two such occasions. In 1918 Claude Hendrix and George Tyler of the Cubs shut out the Cards twice on July 4 and the Phils twice on August 17. On August 20, 1941, Johnny Vander Meer and Elmer Riddle dealt the Phils a double shutout; two years later, on September 26, 1943, they both shut out the Braves. Earlier we made reference to the only double 1-0 shutout in American League history. The highest scoring double shutout also was made in the Junior Circuit, on September 22, 1936, when submariner Eldon Auker of the Tigers beat the Browns 12-0 in the opener, and Tommy Bridges and Company throttled them 14-0 in the nightcap. The poor Browns, they never won a double shutout, and lost an even dozen. Three no-hitters were pitched as a part of double shutouts. On September 6, 1905, Doc White of the White Sox whitewashed the Tigers 2-0 in the opener, and Frank Smith no-hit them 15-0 in the finale. Fans probably have forgotten that the famous Babe Ruth-Ernie Shore no-hitter over the Washington Senators on June 23, 1917, was accompanied by a nightcap shutout authored by Hubert "Dutch" Leonard, who allowed the Nats only four hits. In the opener Shore had relieved Ruth in the first inning with nobody out and pitched perfect ball the rest of the way. On September 21, 1934, with the Cardinals beating the Dodgers, Dizzy Dean took the opener 13-0, and was somewhat chagrined when younger brother Paul pitched a no-hitter in the second game. Diz had allowed only three hits, and this is a record for fewest hits allowed in a double shutout. The full list of twinbill shutout victories by one club since 1900 is carried below. To complete the record it should be mentioned here that there were also three "double whammies" in the Federal League. On July 4, 1914, Bob Groom and Mordecai Brown of St. Louis blanked Kansas City twice; on July 14, 1914, Earl Moore and Fred Anderson of Buffalo shut out Baltimore twice; and on August 13, 1915, Al Schultz and Fred Anderson of Buffalo held St. Louis scoreless. In the list below, * indicates extra-inning games, and # indicates less than 9 innings but a complete game. AL DOUBLEHEADER SHUTOUT WINS BY ONE TEAM Date of Games | Won | Hurlers and Scores | | Lost | Sep. | 3 | 1901 | Clev. | Moore | 1-0; | Cristall | 4-0 | Bos. | Aug. | 13 | 1902 | Phil. | Waddell | 8-0; | Husting | 9-0 | Det. | Sep. | 1 | 1902 | Clev. | Moore | 10-0; | Bernhard | 8-0 | Bos. | June | 28 | 1903 | Bos. | Young | 1-0; | Hughes | 3-0 | StL. | Aug. | 22 | 1904 | Bos. | Young | 8-0; | Gibson | 3-0 | StL. | Sep. | 6 | 1905 | Chi. | White | 2-0; | F. Smith | 15-0 | Det. | July | 6 | 1906 | N.Y. | Chesbro | 4-0; | Newton | 8-0 | Bos. | Aug. | 25 | 1906 | N.Y. | Doyle | 2-0; | Clarkson | 2-0 | Clev. | Sep. | 4 | 1906 | N.Y. | Clarkson | 7-0; | Orth | 1-0 | Bos. | Sep. | 9 | 1907 | N.Y. | Neuer | 10-0; | Chesbro | 2-0 | Wash. | Aug. | 28 | 1908 | Wash. | Hughes | 2-0; | Johnson | 8-0 | Clev. | July | 31 | 1909 | Chi. | Burns | 1-0; | F. Smith | 4-0 | Wash. | Sep. | 25 | 1909 | Phil. | Bender | 5-0; | Morgan | 3-0 | Clev. | Sep. | 16 | 1911 | Bos. | Wood | 6-0; | O'Brien | 3-0 | Clev. | Sep. | 22 | 1911 | Chi. | J. Scott | 3-0; | Lange-Walsh | 1-0 | Wash. | Sep. | 22 | 1913 | Phil. | J. Bush | 4-0; | Pennock- | 1-0 | | | | | | | | Plank | | | July | 3 | 1914 | Phil. | Bender | 2-0; | Shawkey | 1-0 | N.Y. | Aug. | 11 | 1914 | Chi. | Wolfgang | 2-0; | Cicotte | 2-0 | Clev. | Aug. | 25 | 1914 | Phil. | Bressler | 9-0; | Pennock | 1-0 | StL. | July | 5 | 1915 | Bos. | Foster | #4-0; | Ruth | 6-0 | Wash. | May | 28 | 1916 | Chi. | J. Scott | 2-0; | Faber | 2-0 | Clev. | July | 10 | 1916 | Chi. | Williams | 4-0; | E. Russell | 3-0 | Bos. | May | 30 | 1917 | N.Y. | Cullop | 6-0; | Love-Shocker | 2-0* | Phil. | June | 23 | 1917 | Bos. | Ruth-Shore | 4-0; | Leonard | 5-0 | Wash. | Sep. | 15 | 1917 | Wash. | Harper | 5-0; | Johnson | 4-0 | Phil. | July | 17 | 1918 | Bos. | J. Bush | 7-0; | Ruth | 4-0# | StL. | July | 22 | 1918 | Bos. | J. Bush | *1-0; | C. Nays | 3-0 | Det. | Sep. | 11 | 1919 | Bos. | Pennock | 4-0; | A. Russell | 4-0 | StL. | July | 7 | 1920 | Phil. | Keefe | 6-0; | Perry | 1-0 | Bos. | Aug. | 21 | 1920 | Bos. | Hoyt | 12-0; | Pennock | 4-0 | Clev. | July | 10 | 1921 | Clev. | Mails | 10-0; | Norton | 1-0 | Phil. | Sep. | 2 | 1922 | Bos. | Ferguson | 3-0; | Piercy | 1-0 | Wash. | Sep. | 17 | 1925 | Bos. | Wingfield | 2-0; | Zahniser | 4-0 | StL. | Sep. | 18 | 1929 | Wash. | Hadley | 2-0; | L. Brown | 1-0 | Det. | June | 23 | 1931 | Clev. | C. Brown | 13-0; | Hudlin | 10-0 | Bos. | June | 18 | 1933 | Clev. | Hildebrand | 7-0; | Harder | 4-0 | Bos. | July | 15 | 1933 | Wash. | Stewart | 1-0; | Burke | 2-0 | StL. | Sep. | 22 | 1936 | Det. | Auker | 12-0; | Bridges | 14-0 | StL. | July | 13 | 1940 | Chi. | Lyons | 5-0; | Knott | 7-0 | Bos. | Aug. | 19 | 1941 | Chi. | T. Lee | 4-0; | Humphries | 1-0 | Phil. | Aug. | 23 | 1942 | Bos. | Hughson | 2-0; | Dobson | 7-0 | Phil. | Sep. | 4 | 1944 | N.Y. | Dubiel | 10-0; | Queen | 14-0 | Phil. | May | 6 | 1945 | Det. | Newhouser | 3-0; | Benton | 1-0 | StL. | July | 12 | 1945 | Phil. | Newsoin | 4-0; | Flores | 11-0 | StL. | Aug. | 20 | 1945 | Wash. | Pieretti | 7-0; | Carrasquel | 6-0 | Clev. | May | 15 | 1946 | Clev. | Harder | 3-0; | Gromek | 5-0 | Phil. | May | 30 | 1947 | Phil. | Fowler | 1-0; | Coleman | 4-0 | N.Y. | May | 15 | 1949 | Chi. | Wight | 10-0; | Gettel | 2-0 | Clev. | June | 19 | 1949 | Det. | Trucks | 9-0; | Hutchinson | 7-0 | Wash. | July | 31 | 1949 | Det. | Gray | 3-0; | Hutchinson | 6-0 | Phil. | Sep. | 25 | 1950 | Bos. | Parnell | 8-0; | H. Taylor | 3-0 | Phil. | May | 25 | 1952 | Chi. | Dobson | 1-0; | Grissom | 1-0 | Det. | Sep. | 2 | 1952 | N.Y. | Gorman | 5-0; | Blackwell- | 4-0 | Bos. | | | | | | | Sam | | | June | 14 | 1953 | Chi. | Pierce | 6-0; | Consuegra | 1-0 | Bos. | June | 18 | 1953 | N.Y. | Lopat | 5-0; | McDonald- | 3-0 | StL. | | | | | | | Gorman | | | July | 24 | 1953 | Bos. | Henry | 8-0; | McDermott | 6-0 | StL. | Aug. | 8 | 1953 | N.Y. | Ford | 1-0; | Kuzava | 3-0 | Chi. | May | 6 | 1956 | N.Y. | Ford | 4-0; | Coleman- | 4-0 | Chi. | | | | | | | Konstanty | | | July | 29 | 1956 | Clev. | Score | 3-0; | Aguirre | 4-0 | Balt. | Sep. | 18 | 1956 | Clev. | Score | 1-0; | Garcia | 6-0 | Wash. | July | 17 | 1956 | Bos. | Brewer | 10-0; | Porterfield | 11-0 | K.C. | June | 15 | 1958 | Chj. | Wilson | 3-0; | Donovan | 4-0 | Bait. | June | 15 | 1958 | Det. | Lary | 2-0; | Bunning | 3-0 | N.Y. | July | 9 | 1959 | K.C. | Herbert | 5-0; | Kucks | 4-0 | Det. | July | 9 | 1959 | Balt. | Pappas | 8-0; | Walker | 5-0 | Wash. | Sep. | 11 | 1959 | Balt. | J. Fisher | 3-0; | Walker | 1-0 | Chi. | June | 5 | 1960 | Chi. | Keinmerer | 2-0; | Bauinann | 2-0 | K.C. | June | 19 | 1960 | Balt. | Wilhelm | 2-0; | Pappas | 1-0 | Det. | May | 21 | 1961 | Clev. | Hawkins | 9-0; | Grant | 2-0 | Minn. | Aug. | 27 | 1963 | N.Y. | Bouton | 5-0; | Terry | 3-0 | Bos. | July | 24 | 1963 | Minn. | Stigman | 9-0; | Kaat | 5-0 | Clev. | June | 26 | 1964 | L.A. | Belinsky- | 1-0; | Meyer- | 6-0 | K.C. | | | | | Duliba | | R. Lee | | | July | 5 | 1964 | Chi. | Pizarro | 2-0; | Horlen | 5-0 | Clev. | Sep. | 30 | 1964 | Clev. | Tiant | 5-0; | McDowell | 3-0 | Bos. | May | 30 | 1966 | Chi. | Buzhardt | 1-0; | Lamabe | 11-0 | Bos. | June | 9 | 1967 | K.C. | Dobson | 2-0; | Hunter | 6-0 | Clev. | Sep. | 10 | 1967 | Chi. | Horlen | 6-0; | Carlos-Wil- | 4-0 | Det. | | | | | | | helm-Locker | | | Apr. | 13 | 1969 | Balt. | Palmer | 2-0; | Phoebus | 9-0 | Wash. | May | 23 | 1971 | Det. | Lolich | 5-0; | Cain- | 11-0 | Wash. | | | | | | | J. Niekro | | | June | 4 | 1972 | Oak. | Hunter | 2-0; | Hamilton- | 2-0 | Bait. | | | | | | | Fingers- | | | | | | | | | Knowles | | | July | 21 | 1972 | N.Y. | Peterson | 6-0; | Stottlemyre | 3-0 | Cal. | Sep. | 2 | 1974 | Balt. | Grimsley | 1-0; | Cuellar | 1-0 | Bos. | Sep. | 6 | 1974 | Balt. | McNally | 2-0; | Cuellar | 1-0 | Clev. | Sep. | 9 | 1974 | Oak. | V. Blue | 3-0; | Hunter | 7-0 | K.C. | NL DOUBLEHEADER SHUTOUT WINS BY ONE TEAM Date of Games | Won | Hurlers and Scores | | Lost | July | 4 | 1902 | Pitt. | Tannehill | 3-0; | Chesbro | 4-0 | Bkn. | Aug. | 16 | 1904 | Bkn. | Scanlan | 6-0; | Cronin | 3-0 | Cin. | Sep. | 26 | 1904 | Chi. | Weimer | 4-0; | Briggs | 1-0# | Bkn. | Oct. | 9 | 1904 | Cin. | Walker | 3-0; | Hahn | 1-0# | StL. | July | 4 | 1906 | Chi. | N. Brown | 1-0; | Lundgren | 1-0 | Pitt. | Aug. | 3 | 1906 | Chi. | N. Brown | 1-0; | Reulbach | 7-0 | Phil. | Sep. | 3 | 1906 | Bkn. | Scanlan | 8-0; | McIntyre | 10-0 | Phil. | Sep. | 8 | 1906 | Bkn. | Eason | 6-0; | Scanlan | 1-0 | N.Y. | Sep. | 26 | 1906 | Pitt. | Willis | 5-0; | Leifield | 8-10# | Phil. | Oct. | 1 | 1906 | N.Y. | Ames | 3-0; | Ferguson | 2-0# | StL. | Aug. | 11 | 1907 | Chi. | Overall- | 1-0; | Pfeister | 1-0# | Phil. | | | | | N. Brown | | | | | Sep. | 2 | 1907 | StL. | Fromme | 6-0; | J. Lush | 9-0# | Chi. | Aug. | 23 | 1908 | Chi. | Overall | 2-0; | Reulbach | 2-0 | Bkn. | Sep. | 7 | 1908 | Bos. | Chappelle | 1-0; | Lindaman | 1-0 | Bkn. | Sep. | 26 | 1908 | Chi. | Reulbach | 5-0; | Reulbach | 3-0 | Bkn. | July | 24 | 1909 | Bkn. | G. Bell | 1-0; | Rucker | 1-0 | StL. | Sep. | 21 | 1909 | Pitt. | Adams | 2-0; | Camnitz | 5-0 | Bos. | Sep. | 17 | 1911 | Chi. | C. Smith | 4-0; | Cheney- | 5-0 | Bkn. | | | | | | | Richie | | | Sep. | 16 | 1912 | Cin. | Fromme | 6-0; | Benton | 1-0 | Phil. | Sep. | 26 | 1912 | Phil. | Alexander | 7-0; | Seaton | 11-0 | Bkn. | May | 31 | 1915 | Pitt. | Cooper | 1-0; | Mamaux | 1-0 | Chi. | Aug. | 7 | 1915 | Pitt. | Mamaux | 9-0; | Harmon | 6-0 | Phil. | Aug. | 31 | 1915 | Bos. | Nehf | 2-0; | Hughes | 2-0 | Cin. | Oct. | 6 | 1915 | Bos. | Hughes | 1-0; | P. Ragan | 1-0 | N.Y. | July | 31 | 1916 | N.Y. | Sallee | 7-0; | Tesreau | 7-0 | Pitt. | Aug. | 7 | 1916 | Bos. | J. Barnes | 2-0; | Allen | 6-0 | Cin. | Sep. | 1 | 1916 | Phil. | Alexander | 3-0; | Rixey | 6-0 | Bkn. | Sep. | 4 | 1916 | Pitt. | F. Miller | 7-0; | Cooper | 2-0 | StL. | Sep. | 9 | 1916 | Chi. | Vaughn | 3-0; | Lavender | 2-0 | Pitt. | Sep. | 28 | 1916 | N.Y. | Tesreau | 2-0; | Schupp | 6-0 | Bos. | May | 30 | 1917 | Bos. | Rudolph | 4-0; | Tyler | 2-0 | Bkn. | Aug. | 25 | 1917 | Bkn. | Pfeffer | 12-0; | Marquard | 4-0 | StL. | Sep. | 1 | 1917 | StL. | Hors tman | 1-0; | Watson | 1-0 | Pitt. | Sep. | 26 | 1917 | Bos. | J. Barnes | 1-0; | Nehf | 3-0 | Cin. | July | 4 | 1918 | Chi. | Tyler | *1-0; | Hendrix | 1-0 | StL. | July | 10 | 1918 | Cin. | Ring | 7-0; | H. Regan | 5-0 | Bkn. | Aug. | 17 | 1918 | Chi. | Hendrix | 3-0; | Tyler | 2-0 | Phil. | July | 23 | 1919 | Chi. | Alexander | *3-0; | Douglas | 6-0 | Bkn. | July | 31 | 1919 | Cin. | Fisher | 5-0; | Luque | 2-0 | Bos. | Aug. | 20 | 1924 | Bos. | Genewich | 2-0; | J. Barnes | 5-0 | Chi. | Sep. | 1 | 1924 | Cin. | C. Mays | 5-0; | Benton | 9-0 | StL. | Aug. | 7 | 1926 | Bos. | Wertz | 2-0; | R. Smith | 2-0 # | Pitt. | May | 26 | 1931 | N.Y. | Hubbell | 3-0; | Walker | 6-0 | Bos. | July | 4 | 1931 | Bkn. | Vance | 4-0; | Clark | 5-0 | N.Y. | Sep. | 6 | 1931 | S tL. | Rhem | 3-0; | S. Johnson | 7-0 | Cin. | May | 7 | 1933 | N.Y. | Hubbell | 1-0; | Schumacher | 5-0 | Cin. | July | 2 | 1933 | N.Y. | Hubbell | *1-0; | Parmelee | 1-0 | StL. | Sep. | 12 | 1933 | Pitt. | Meine | 1-0; | Hoyt | 2-0 | Bkn. | Sep. | 9 | 1934 | Bkn. | Benge | 5-0; | Hungo | 3-0 | Cin. | Sep. | 21 | 1934 | StL. | J. Dean | 13-0; | P. Dean | 3-0 | Bkn. | July | 21 | 1935 | Phil. | C. Davis | 4-0; | Bowman | 2-0 | Cin. | July | 28 | 1935 | N.Y. | Hubbell | 6-0; | Castleman | 1-0 | Bkn. | June | 28 | 1936 | Chi. | French | 3-0; | W. Lee | 6-0 | N.Y. | June | 30 | 1937 | Bos. | Gabler | 1-0; | G. Bush | 7-0 | Bkn. | July | 11 | 1937 | Cin. | R. Davis | 6-0; | Hollingswth. | 7-0 | StL. | May | 30 | 1938 | Bos. | Turner | 6-0; | MacFayden | 1-0 | N.Y. | May | 30 | 1939 | Chi. | French | 6-0; | V. Page | 2-0 | Cin. | Apr. | 19 | 1941 | Bkn. | Hamlin | 8-0; | Wyatt | 8-0 | Bos. | Aug. | 3 | 1941 | Bos. | Tobin | 5-0; | Hutchings | 3-0 | Cin. | Aug. | 20 | 1941 | Cin. | VanderMeer | 2-0; | Riddle | 3-0 | Phil. | May | 10 | 1942 | Cin. | Starr | 1-0; | Walters | 3-0 | StL. | Aug. | 23 | 1942 | Chi. | Passeau | 3-0; | Warneke | 3-0 | Cin. | Sep. | 6 | 1942 | Pitt. | Gornicki | 5-0; | Hamlin | 5-0 | Chi. | May | 2 | 1943 | Pitt. | Hebert | 3-0; | Klinger | 1-0 | Chi. | May | 20 | 1943 | Phil. | Fuchs | 3-0; | Gerheauser | 2-0 | Chi. | July | 25 | 1943 | Chi. | Bithorn | 2-0; | Hanyzewski | 2-0 | N.Y. | | | | | | | -Passeau | | | Sep. | 26 | 1943 | Cin. | Riddle | 2-0; | VanderMeer | 1-0 | Bos. | June | 11 | 1944 | Chi. | Erickson | 5-0; | Chipman | 1-0 | Pitt. | July | 9 | 1944 | StL. | Cooper | 1-0; | Brecheen | 9-0 | Bos. | July | 6 | 1946 | Chi. | Erickson- | *2-0; | Wyse | 1-0 | Cin. | | | | | Schmitz | | | | | July | 6 | 1947 | StL. | Hearn | 3-0; | Dickson | 2-0 | Cin. | July | 31 | 1949 | N.Y. | Jansen | 10-0; | Zabala | 9-0 | Cin. | June | 22 | 1950 | N.Y. | Jansen | 3-0; | Koslo | 5-0 | StL. | July | 25 | 1950 | Phil. | Church | 7-0; | Roberts | 1-0 | Chi. | Aug. | 6 | 1950 | N.Y. | Jansen | 5-0; | Maglie | 3-0 | Pitt. | Sep. | 4 | 1950 | N.Y. | Hearn | 2-0; | Maglie | 9-0 | Phil. | Sep. | 30 | 1950 | StL. | Staley | 2-0; | Nunger | 4-0 | Chi. | Aug. | 27 | 1951 | Phil. | Thompson | 2-0; | K. Johnson | 3-0 | Cin. | Apr. | 25 | 1954 | N.Y. | Maglie | 3-0; | Antonelli | 5-0 | Phil. | Aug. | 2 | 1955 | Ci | Klippstein | 2-0; | Nuxhall | 4-0 | Phil. | Apr. | 23 | 1961 | Phil. | Sullivan | 1-0; | Mahaffey | 6-0 | Chi. | Aug. | 16 | 1961 | Cin. | Purkey | 6-0; | O'Toole | 8-0 | L.A. | Apr. | 29 | 1962 | S.F. | Sanford | 7-0; | Pierce | 6-0 | Chi. | June | 27 | 1962 | StL. | Jackson | 4-0; | Sadecki | 8-0 | Chi. | May | 17 | 1964 | S.F. | Hendley | 6-0; | Herbel | 1-0 | N.Y. | July | 11 | 1965 | Chi. | Jackson | 6-0; | Koonce | 6-0 | StL. | July | 24 | 1966 | L.A. | Drysdale | 5-0; | Moeller- | 6-0 | N.Y. | | | | | | | Regan | | | Sep. | 11 | 1966 | L.A. | Koufax | 4-0; | Moeller- | 1-0 | Hous. | | | | | | | R. Miller- | | | | | | | | | Regan | | | June | 4 | 1967 | S.F. | Gibbon | 7-0; | McCormick | 5-0 | N.Y. | Sep. | 15 | 1967 | L.A. | Singer | 1-0; | Drys dale | 1-0 | Phil. | Sep. | 12 | 1969 | N.Y. | Koosman | 1-0; | Cardwell- | 1-0 | Pitt. | | | | | | | McGraw | | | Sep. | 19 | 1971 | L.A. | Downing | 12-0; | Sutton | 4-0 | Atl. | July | 21 | 1974 | S.F. | Barr | 4-0; | D'Acquisto | 2-0 | Mont. | | | | | | | -Sosa | | | *Assisted by Alex Haas and Leonard Gettelson
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